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Tuesday, December 28, 2010

سنغافورة تركز على العلوم الإنسانية: الدولارات لا معنى لها

    سنغافورة تركز على العلوم الإنسانية: الدولارات لا معنى لها


    ستارة الحياة

    يبدو أن هناك ثورة ثقافية في سنغافورة. وإذا كانت النخب فيها دافعت في السابق عن أولوية العلوم والتكنولوجيا في تشكيل الوعي الوطني، فإن التحركات الجديدة تشير إلى أنها تضع عينها الآن على العلوم الإنسانية.

    إلا أنه من المبكر لأوانه الاحتفاء بهذه الاستراتيجية الجديدة على أنها نقلة نوعية، فهذه الجهود لا تزال مشبّعة في فلسفة الواقعية الاقتصادية، التي تتبعها هذه الدولة الصغيرة، أو فكرة أن النمو الاقتصادي هو الورقة الرابحة.

    وهناك مثالان مفيدان هنا. الأول هو كلية العلوم الإنسانية التي تم الترويج لها كثيرا والتي تم الإعلان عنها في أيلول (سبتمبر). ومن المقرر أن تبدأ العمل بحلول عام 2013، وستشهد شراكة جامعة سنغافورة الوطنية مع جامعة ييل الأمريكية لإنتاج الدفعة التالية من القادة في سنغافورة. وعلى الرغم من ميلها للعلوم الإنسانية، فإن الهدف الشامل للكلية هو إنعاش الاقتصاد. وهو أمر يتضح بوضوح حين يفكر المرء في نوع المقررات الجامعية المتصورة ـــ العلوم الإنسانية مع القانون أو الطب. واستخدام كلمة ''مع'' يشي بمسحة الشك في قيمة شهادة العلوم الإنسانية الصرفة، التي لوحدها تجمع موضوعات عن العلوم الإنسانية مثل الفلسفة مع موضوعات لا تتعلق بالعلوم الإنسانية مثل الرياضيات والعلوم. باختصار، الهدف من الكلية إنتاج تكنوقراطيين مثقفين أكثر من فنانين.

    ويمكن للمرء أن يشير أيضا إلى اللجنة التوجيهية للمراجعة الاستراتيجية للفنون والثقافة ـــ التي تشكلت في أيلول (سبتمبر) أيضا ـــ والتي تهدف إلى ترسيخ تقدير الفنون في السنغافوريين. ومن المقرر أن تنشر اللجنة التي تتألف من 12 عضواً توصياتها في منتصف عام 2011. وهنا أيضا، توحي بعض أهداف اللجنة بميل نحو النمو الاقتصادي. فعلى سبيل المثال، يهدف إنشاء الأماكن الثقافية إلى الحصول على دولارات السياح، في حين تهدف تنمية المواهب الفنية إلى ضمان أن ''تستفيد'' القوى العاملة لدينا، على حد تعبير البيان الصحافي، ''من الفرص الاقتصادية الجديدة''.

    وسيتم تحقيق السياسة الثقافية لسنغافورة على نحو أفضل إذا فصلت النخب فيها الواقعية الاقتصادية عن العلوم الإنسانية. ولعل أكبر شرك لعدم القيام بذلك هو أنه قد ينتهي الأمر بسنغافورة بتشكيل العلوم الإنسانية إلى مجرد ''صناعة'' أخرى. والخطر من تحويل العلوم الإنسانية إلى سلعة هو أنها قد تخنق حس المواطنة لصالح الاقتصاد.

    وتشير المواطنة هنا إلى شعب ناقد أفراده قادرون على تصور مجتمع أفضل ما وراء المكاسب المادية. وهل هناك طريقة أفضل من العلوم الإنسانية لنقل خاصية النقد هذه؟ هذا هو الإجماع الذي ظهر في المملكة المتحدة من النقاش العام حول قيمة العلوم الإنسانية، في الوقت الذي شرعت فيه حكومة الائتلاف الحالية في سلسلة من تخفيضات الإنفاق على التعليم. وتصف المؤرخة جوانا بيرك على أفضل نحو في صحيفة ''الجارديان'': ''تساعد العلوم الإنسانية على تطوير الاتجاه النقدي المتشكك نحو العالم. وترتبط بكشف زيف المنطق في أوقاتها. وتتعلق أساسا بالتحليل النقدي للأمور المتفق عليها، والمقاومة لما يجعل الحياة غير عادلة وبشعة''. ولتطبيق هذا الموقف في سياق سنغافورة، علق أحد كبار موظفي الخدمة المدنية، مدير معهد دراسات السياسة أونج كينج يونج، في مقابلة مع صحيفة TODAY عام 2006 قائلاً: إن الانتقادات تساعد على تشكيل سياسات أفضل. وهذا مكسب ضمني ولكن نوعي لسياسة ثقافية تفصل الواقعية الاقتصادية عن العلوم الإنسانية.

    والميزة الأخرى هي أثرها الإيجابي في شباب سنغافورة. وفي صحيفة ''الجارديان'' أيضا، قالت كيت سوبر أستاذة الفلسفة إن العلوم الإنسانية تعزز الفكرة القائلة إنه ليس من الضروري أن تصاغ الحياة الجيدة في ''الوجود حيث التوتر مرتفع والوقت قليل والمدفوع بالعمل والذي يشجعه المجتمع الاستهلاكي بميزانياته الضخمة للدعاية''. وفي الواقع، ستساعد الثقافة الموالية للعلوم الإنسانية والمفصولة عن الأهداف الاقتصادية الشباب على رؤية سنغافورة باعتبارها أكثر من مجرد مكان لكسب المال. وتخيل سنغافورة كمكان تكون فيه المكاسب غير المادية مهمة أيضا قد يتحدى الشعور بخيبة الأمل التي أثيرت من قبل أشخاص مثل ليم زي روي، وهو طالب في جامعة نانيانج التكنولوجية قال للوزير غوه غوك تونج في حوار وزاري في تشرين الأول (أكتوبر): ''لم أعد أعرف ما الذي أقاتل لأجله''.

    وقد تساعد هذه الاستراتيجية الإنسانية غير المادية في غرس شعور بالانتماء في أمة اعتاد أفرادها على الكماليات التي وفرها الاقتصاد الممتاز، خاصة في أوقات الأزمات حيث قد لا يلبي الوعد بالسلع الاقتصادية توقعاتهم. وسيشكل الخطاب المتعلق بالهوية القومية للقيم المجتمعية ـــ وهو أمر يقول ليم إنه غير موجود في سنغافورة ـــ ويجعلهم أقل فتورا تجاه السياسة، وهو مصدر قلق تم تسليط الضوء عليه من قبل قادة سنغافورة.

    لكن لم يضع كل شيء بعد. ففي تحولها إلى العلوم الإنسانية، تتخذ سنغافورة بعض الخطوات الصحيحة أيضا. وتشمل تلك الخطوات شهادة التاريخ والفلسفة الجديدة في جامعة نانيانج التكنولوجية، وكذلك مقرر الدراسات الدينية في جامعة سنغافورة الوطنية لبرنامج الباحثين الجامعيين، بالتعاون مع منظمة فيث لتوني بلير. ولكن لا ينبغي أن تتوقف سنغافورة عند هذا الحد. أحد الأفكار هو أن تحذو حذو فرنسا ـــ الدولة المعروفة بمفكريها النقديين ـــ وتجعل الفلسفة مادة إجبارية في مؤسسات التعليم العالي مثل معاهد العلوم التطبيقية والكليات المتوسطة والدراسات التحضيرية للجامعات. وهناك فكرة أخرى وهي إنشاء ما يعادل A* Star ومنظمة الأبحاث الوطنية، وهي مؤسسات تركز على تعزيز البحوث العلمية، لقطاع الفنون والعلوم الإنسانية. ويمكن لسنغافورة مثلا محاكاة مجلس بحوث العلوم الإنسانية والفنون في المملكة المتحدة، وهو هيئة تمويلية تركز على القطاع غير العلمي.

    إن الثقافة الداعمة للعلوم الإنسانية غير المدفوعة اقتصاديا ستجعل سنغافورة مدينة عالمية شاملة بحق. وفقط حين تتمكن سنغافورة، الدولة المدينة المليئة بالشركات، من تكثيف سعيها لتحقيق التفوق الاقتصادي مع تعزيز الإحساس بالروح، سيتمكن مواطنوها والعالم الأوسع من رؤية المدينة الدولة كمكان مرغوب للعيش، ليس فقط لتفوقها الاقتصادي، بل أيضا لنوعية الحياة الثقافية. ولتحقيق هذه الغاية، فإن الخطوة الحاسمة هي أن تعترف النخب فيها أنه مع تحول سنغافورة نحو العلوم الإنسانية، الدولارات لا معنى لها.

    خاص بـ''الاقتصادية''
    Source URL: http://pokbongkoh.blogspot.com/2010/12/
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2011中华艺术家书画交流大会明年初在琼举行

    2011中华艺术家书画交流大会明年初在琼举行

    人民网海南视窗12月29日讯(记者肖霈摄影报道):

    12月28日,记者从2011中华艺术家书画交流大会新闻发布会上获悉,以“椰风海韵,翰墨飘香”为主题的2011中华艺术家书画交流大会,将于2011 年2月24至26日在海口开幕。届时,200余位来自海内外的书画艺术名家、政府领导、企业名流等聚集一堂进行艺术交流,借鉴和吸收国际优秀文化和成功经验,发掘传承海南本土特色文化,为海南国际旅游岛文化产业注入新的活力。

    据介绍,本次书画交流大会历时2天,将举行开幕式暨中华艺术家联盟揭牌仪式、“椰风海韵”名家书画精品鉴赏暨大型笔会、书画论坛以及名家名作公益展卖会等一系列活动。会议结束后,将在海南省博物馆连续三天举办“椰风海韵”名家书画精品展,同时将艺术家在大会现场创作的部分作品捐赠给海南省博物馆并举行捐赠书画作品的仪式。本次书画交流大会旨在打造海南文化新亮点,使海南国际旅游岛的文化产业飞向国际。

    “作为2011年海南省文化项目的开年大戏,2011中华艺术家书画交流大会得到海南省政府各级领导的全力扶植,欲在2011年开年之际奉献给各界一场史无前例的书画艺术视觉盛宴。”海南省文体厅厅长范晓军在讲话中指出,为让广大人民群众共享文化建设成果,提升海省公共文化服务能力,后期续展期间所有展出全部免费赠票,使本次书画交流活动可以真正惠及群众,成为海南人民观赏国内外一流书画艺术精品的窗口,成为展示海南省书画艺术成果的平台。

    香港金冠城集团董事长助理叶红表示,作为本届交流大会的承办方,集团将不断挖掘和延伸海南文化发展,真诚地希望通过“2011中华艺术家书画交流大会”这个国际化平台,与各界嘉宾朋友交流协作,以原创艺术精神展示各具特色的书画艺术,为海南国际旅游岛文化名片的打造,做出应有的贡献。

    据悉,2011中华艺术家书画交流大会是由中共海南省委宣传部,海南省文化广电出版体育厅,海南省文学艺术界联合会,中华艺术家联盟联合主办,香港金冠城国际投资集团承办。
    Source URL: http://pokbongkoh.blogspot.com/2010/12/
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山东省委关于制定山东省“十二五”规划的建议

    山东省委关于制定山东省“十二五”规划的建议


    为深入贯彻落实党的十七届五中全会精神,科学制定我省(山东)“十二五”规划,抓住和用好可以大有作为的重要战略机遇期,进一步推动全省科学发展、和谐发展、率先发展,加快建设经济文化强省,提出以下建议。

    一、深入贯彻落实科学发展观,努力开创经济文化强省建设的新局面

    “十二五”时期,是全面建设小康社会、实现富民强省新跨越的关键时期,是深化改革开放、加快转变经济发展方式的攻坚时期。制定“十二五”规划,必须按照党的十七届五中全会精神,在认真总结“十一五”时期经验基础上,立足全局,把握省情,统筹兼顾,突出重点,精心谋划发展思路,科学确定发展目标,努力促进全省经济社会又好又快发展。

    (1)“十一五”时期我省经济社会发展取得巨大成就。“十一五”时期是山东发展历程中极不平凡的五年。面对国内外环境的复杂变化和重大风险挑战,全省坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,深入贯彻落实科学发展观,按照胡锦涛总书记对山东工作的总要求,紧紧围绕建设经济文化强省,团结带领全省广大党员干部群众,积极作为、科学务实,重点突破、攻坚克难,经济社会健康持续发展,胜利完成了“十一五”规划确定的主要目标和任务。综合实力跃上新台阶,产业体系建设取得新进展,可持续发展取得新成效,创新型省份建设取得新突破,协调发展呈现新亮点,改革开放形成新局面,民生建设得到新加强,各项社会事业全面进步,城乡面貌发生重大变化,社会保持和谐稳定,社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设和党的建设取得重大进展。我们有效应对国际金融危机的巨大冲击,统筹做好保增长、保民生、保稳定工作,加快转变经济发展方式,着力调整优化经济结构,保持了经济平稳较快发展。着眼于经济回升后新一轮发展周期和培植山东发展新优势,提出并实施了一系列重大发展战略。黄河三角洲高效生态经济区建设上升为国家战略并进入全面实施阶段,山东半岛蓝色经济区规划建设迈出实质性步伐。成功举办了奥帆赛、残奥帆赛和第十一届全国运动会。扎实做好对口援川援藏援疆工作。五年来,我省经济社会发展的成功实践,为“十二五”时期及今后的发展积累了丰富经验,奠定了坚实基础。

    (2)“十二五”时期经济社会发展面临的新形势。“十二五”时期,我们既面临难得的历史机遇,也面对诸多可以预见和难以预见的风险挑战。和平、发展、合作仍是时代潮流,国际环境总体上有利于我国和平发展,但国际金融危机影响深远,我们发展的外部环境更趋复杂,我国发展仍处于可以大有作为的重要战略机遇期,社会主义市场经济体制更加完善,综合国力大幅提升,经济结构转型加快,区域经济格局加速调整,同时发展中也面临一些突出矛盾和问题,经过改革开放特别是“十一五”以来的发展,我省经济社会发展已处在一个新的历史起点上,开启了科学发展、富民强省的新征程。加快由经济大省向经济强省、由文化资源大省向文化强省的跨越,是党中央对我们的殷切期望,是贯彻落实科学发展观的具体体现,是山东经济社会发展的战略选择,是人民群众的迫切愿望。面向未来,我们有党中央、国务院的坚强领导,有较好的物质文化基础,有多年积累的丰富经验,有各级干部干事创业的积极性,有广大人民群众的信任和支持,完全有条件推动经济社会发展再上新台阶。同时,必须清醒看到,在前进道路上我省仍然存在一些深层次的矛盾和问题,主要是经济发展方式转变不快,结构性矛盾突出,服务业发展滞后,城乡区域发展还不协调;经济发展的质量和效益不高,人均经济指标水平偏低;经济增长的资源环境约束强化,节能减排压力较大;科技创新能力不够强,人才支撑能力不足;制约科学发展的体制机制障碍依然较多,对外开放水平不高;保障和改善民生任务繁重,公共服务水平亟待提高;各级领导干部驾驭科学发展的能力需要不断增强,思想和工作作风有待进一步转变。我们必须增强机遇意识和忧患意识,既要珍惜机遇、抓住机遇、用好机遇、又要认清挑战、应对挑战、战胜挑战,更加奋发有为地推动经济社会又好又快发展。

    (3)制定“十二五”规划的指导思想和基本原则。制定 “十二五”规划,必须高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,深入贯彻落实科学发展观,紧紧围绕科学发展这个主题,牢牢把握加快转变经济发展方式这条主线,坚定不移地以富民强省为目标,深化改革开放,保障和改善民生,努力建设经济文化强省,促进经济长期平稳较快发展和社会和谐稳定,为率先全面建成小康社会打下具有决定性意义的基础。为此,要坚持以下基本原则:

    ——坚持结构调整。把经济结构战略性调整作为加快转变经济发展方式的主攻方向,构建扩大内需长效机制,放大消费拉动作用,调整优化投资结构,发挥投资对扩大内需的重要作用,形成消费、投资、出口协调拉动经济增长的新格局。着力构建现代产业体系,提高农业现代化水平,促进工业结构优化升级,推动服务业跨越发展,促进经济增长向依靠第一、第二、第三产业协同带动转变。

    ——坚持创新驱动。把科技进步和创新作为加快转变经济发展方式的重要支撑,深入实施科教兴鲁和人才强省战略,充分发挥科技第一生产力和人才第一资源作用,提高教育现代化水平,增强自主创新能力,打造高端人才聚集地,推动发展向主要依靠科技进步,劳动者素质提高和管理创新转变,加快建设创新型省份。

    ——坚持统筹兼顾。把统筹兼顾作为加快转变经济发展方式的根本方法,正确处理经济发展与社会发展的关系,统筹海洋与陆地、城市与农村、东部与中西部、当前与长远,加快实施重点区域带动战略,积极稳妥推进城镇化,加快推进社会主义新农村建设,促进区域良性互动,协调发展,提高发展的全面性、协调性、可持续性。

    ——坚持民生优先。把保障和改善民生作为加快转变经济发展方式的根本出发点和落脚点,把握富民与强省的内在统一,努力促进就业,加快发展各项社会事业,推进基本公共服务均等化,加大收入分配调节力度,坚定不移走共同富裕道路,促进社会公平正义,努力使社会成员都充分享受改革发展的成果。

    ——坚持绿色发展。把建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会作为加快转变经济发展方式的重要着力点,加强资源节约和管理,加大节能减排和环境保护力度,加强生态保护和防灾减灾体系建设,发展循环经济,推广低碳技术,加快生态省建设,促进经济社会发展与人口资源环境相协调,增强可持续发展能力,建设美好家园。

    ——坚持改革开放。把改革开放作为加快转变经济发展方式的强大动力,以更大决心和勇气全面推进各领域改革,破除发展障碍,化解发展难题,加快构建有利于科学发展的体制机制。实施互利共赢的开放战略,增强发展的融合性和开放度,更高水平参与国际分工,积极推动国内区域合作,以开放促发展、促改革、促创新。

    (4)“十二五”时期经济社会发展的基本思路。推动我省“十二五”时期经济社会发展,是一项艰巨而繁重的任务,需要不断提高认识,深化思路,完善措施,引领发展。要努力推动和实现山东经济社会的科学发展,坚持“一线三点”的工作思路,积极作为、科学务实,把“十二五”规划确定的各项目标任务实施好、落实好,取得明显成效。要痛下决心、狠下功夫,坚持打好转方式调结构这场硬仗,强化好字优先、以强取胜的意识,在各项工作上体现强省建设的内在要求,在发展中促转变,在转变中谋发展,提高山东经济社会发展的质量和水平。要以国内外先进水平为标准,做到目标追求高、思想境界高、发展质量高、综合效益高,努力保持我省经济社会率先发展的强劲态势。要按照“新、特、优”的要求,扬长避短,发挥自身优势,接长短板,拉长链条,拓展空间,形成推动山东经济社会又好又快发展的强大支撑。要把区域发展与产业培植有机结合起来,集中力量率先突破,培植新的经济增长点,打造区域发展新高地,带动形成全省发展的整体优势。

    (5)“十二五”时期经济社会发展主要目标。综合考虑我省未来发展趋势和条件,与提前实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标相衔接,今后五年经济社会发展的主要目标是:

    ——综合竞争力显著提升。经济保持平稳较快发展,三次产业比例调整优化,服务业比重有较大提升,地方财政收入保持较快增长,金融生态环境更加优化,自主创新能力明显提高,发展活力进一步增强,人均经济指标明显提高。

    ——城乡区域协调发展。城镇化水平有较大提高,力争新农村建设达到全国先进水平,海陆资源互补、产业互动、布局互联,海洋经济占地区生产总值的比重显著提高,东部率先发展、中部加快崛起、西部实现跨越。

    ——社会建设明显加强。教育质量和结构不断提升,公共文化服务体系基本形成,城乡医疗卫生服务体系健全完善。社会主义核心价值体系深入人心,全社会文明程度进一步提高。社会管理制度不断完善,平安山东建设深入推进,社会更加和谐稳定。

    ——生态环境优美宜居。确保完成国家下达的节能减排约束性目标,单位地区生产总值能耗和二氧化碳排放强度大幅下降,主要污染物排放总量显著减少,森林覆盖率明显提高,生态环境质量不断改善,展现生态山东、绿色山东的新形象。

    ——人民生活殷实富裕。城乡居民收入普遍较快增加,低收入者收入明显增加,中等收入群体持续扩大,群众拥有更多的财产性收入,逐步扭转收入差距扩大的趋势,人民生活质量和水平不断提高。就业持续增加,城镇登记失业率控制在较低水平,人民的健康素质不断提高,基本公共服务均等化程度明显提高。Source URL: http://pokbongkoh.blogspot.com/2010/12/
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情傷後的癒療

    http://tirai-kehidupan.blogspot.com/2010/12/blog-post.html情傷後的癒療
     







    當依賴心太重,在對方離開之後,總會無法承受那些折磨:一個人在家的寂寞,以及空蕩蕩的房間,還有一直湧上的空虛感。
    總會變成這樣,不小心就選擇了凌亂不堪的生活,不管後來與誰馬上陷入戀愛,都沒有感覺,試著不去碰觸新對象的任何一切,單純的只有:約會、性、假裝的愛。直到新感情也觸礁的那一剎那,你才會認真去思考,原來都是不安感作祟。
    分手傷很大 調整心態療傷止痛
    離開一段很深刻的戀情之後,我們需要花多少時間才可以平撫自已內心的傷痛?
    有人選擇放縱,馬上開始展開約會,或者跟之前有點曖昧的對象發展戀情;也有人離不開上段感情,封閉自我,獨自享受那些悲痛與寂寞,不願再次受傷而把心房緊緊鎖住,靜待時間帶走一切,慢慢平息傷痛。究竟結束一段感情後,我們需要做怎麼樣的調整?
    收回重心 少了他世界依然運轉
    女 人最常犯的錯誤就是把重心壓在男人身上。交往時,妳會覺得他就是妳的全世界,生活的每一步都是他的身影,走在街上充滿自信,無視路人的眼光。可是當世界變 了的時候呢?一旦重心沒了,生活就變得單調無趣。所以收回妳的重心吧!一旦轉移重心,妳會發現世界不會因為少了他而有所改變。
    為自己安排活動 適應單身生活
    有 多少人受不了寂寞的滋味?人是群體動物,要適應這樣的轉變當然有一定的困難度。當然,一開始失戀時,你會發現周遭朋友都很關心你,只要你的一句話,他們絕 對替你做到任何你想要的,但時間一拉長,就沒有人願意再持續給予你這種特權,所以愈早適應愈好,找點自已才可以做的事情吧!就算只是到書店看一本書、在家 獨自看DVD、把工作帶回去填滿一個人的時刻,這些都好,至少你已經開始了新生活。
    藕斷不絲連 準備談下一段戀情
    大 多數人在離開感情之後,總會帶著些許的眷戀與放不開,即使已經談好分手了,也愛在不甘寂寞的時候,打一通電話給前任男/女朋友。這後果可不堪設想,死纏爛 打、糾纏不清都不是結束一段感情後所該做的,要認清自已已經從「死會」變成「單身」的這種狀態,如此一來才可以朝著前面的路大步前進,為接受下一段感情做 好準備。
    分手細節完善處理 將回憶收納整理
    不論你做麼什麼樣的選擇,都必須靠自已走出那些過往。要認清這一段感情已結束,打起精神、抬頭挺胸,繼續往下個階段前進,做好最完善的分手處理,才可以順利將該收納的回憶好好整理。
    Source URL: http://pokbongkoh.blogspot.com/2010/12/
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Planning for Destruction


    Islam is a religion that values justice. Allah SWT has commanded us to do justice, as contained in sura an-Nahl verse 90.

    "Allah commands (you) to do justice and do good, to give assistance to relatives, and God forbid from evil deeds, unjust, and hostility. He gave the instruction to you that ye may take heed," (Surah An-Nahl [16] : 90).

    Adil has a sense of putting something in place properly. In practice in the realm of law, the word just meant to give punishment to the offenders accordingly. This absolutely applies to all people without distinction, whether rulers or ordinary people. Because, at its essence the law indiscriminately.

    But in reality, legal justice in this country still has not materialized. During this law applies only to the people of the small firm and do not apply strictly to people who have a high position.

    High officials who engage in corruption to get the punishment that seem "mild" and not assertive. Jail for high-ranking person available as luxury hotels, and receive per lakuan special.

    If so, the penalty has no deterrent effect to the perpetrators. "And when Satan made them look good they work ..."( Surah al-Anfal [8]: 48).

    Like a kitchen knife, the law in this country if slicing upward blunt and sharp when cut down. These are the signs of impending doom. As we have Prophet Muhammad sabdakan, "Those before you were destroyed because the men of honor among them were left alone when stealing. But, if the person who stole the weak among them, be a punishment for them. By Allah, if Fatimah bint Muhammad stole I would cut her hand. " (Bukhari).

    If justice is not upheld, it just means we are planning the destruction. As a result, strong people who are guilty will be increasingly free to make mistakes, whereas a weak little rakyak will increasingly oppressed.
    In the end this country is not experiencing progress in all fields, and we are just waiting for its demise. Let justice be established starting from themselves, their families, communities and countries. And we start right now. And Allaah knows best.
    Source URL: http://pokbongkoh.blogspot.com/2010/12/
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Giving, Not Requested




    Tirai Kehidupan -> Giving is actually a base of happiness. Instead, requests or demands (getting) a source of unrest. If we give, we will feel relieved and happy, whereas if we prosecute, especially if large and unfulfilled demands, we will feel annoyed and disappointed. That is why religion (Islam) told us to give rather than ask.

    Giving is the laws and nature of the universe. Consider, for example, sun, earth, plants, rivers, and oceans; they're all just giving, never asking anything from us. Allah alone is God the Almighty Giver. "Our Lord, do thou incline to make our hearts astray after You have guided us, and grant us mercy from Thee, for Thou art the giver is the Lord Almighty." (Surah Ali Imran [3]: 8).

    The law gives (the law of giving) it teaches us at least three things.

    First, what we planted, was exactly what we reap. "Man zara'a Hashada," says the Arab proverb. Fully correct, the old adage that states, "Whoever sows wind, he will reap a storm." This is the ordinance of God (the laws) that will never change.

    Second, if we're giving (giving), surely we will get (getting). Admittedly, people often think short and stuck in a narrow logic of materialism, which is as though if we give, there is something missing from us. This is actually not the case. What we give is never lost. There's sort of in situ conservation of energy. "What's on your side will vanish, and what's on the side of God is eternal." (Surah Al-Nahl [16]: 96).

    Third, we need to cultivate the habit of giving not asking. Give first, then we get. The expression of a take and give (get and then give) are popular in our society, may need to be replaced with the phrase, "give and receive" (give and then receive).

    What we give does not always mean wealth and our wealth (physical-material). We can provide other things that we have, for example energy, thoughts, ideas and thoughts, and prayers, or give him attention, love, and compassion. Giving in the form of the latter, according to the poet Khalil Gibran, it is a really great gift and full of meaning.

    Giving should not be performed because of business considerations (Surah Al-Muddatstsir [74]: 6), but due consideration of the good (Surah Al Imran [3]: 92). Giving is also not a real win win (win-win solution), but the exit toward greatness (greatness) and happiness (happiness), eternal in the world and the hereafter. And Allaah knows best.
    Source URL: http://pokbongkoh.blogspot.com/2010/12/
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Starting the day with optimism



    Tirai Kehidupan -> Let us try to paint a picture one day in the life of the Prophet Muhammad. He woke up long before dawn, when the dark curtain of night still covers everything. When he started moving, he said, "Praise be to God who has restored my spirit, give me the physical strength and allow me to glorify Him."

    Heavy as any challenges that would face, he was greeted with optimism. And, no matter how small it did not escape thankful for, including the return of the spirit to start the day.

    In fact, sunrise and sunset, are also things we need to acknowledge. "It is Allah who made the night for you that ye may rest therein, and made the bright daylight. Allah really have a gift bestowed upon human beings, but most people are not grateful." (Surah Al Mu'min [40]: 61)

    Our life is a greatest blessing that we receive from God. Being our gratitude is to utilize the best life. God offers the chance of success for anyone who wants to succeed. In essence, optimistic attitude should always be put forward.

    Optimistic is an attitude that always holds good in the face of all things. Optimistic is the opposite of despair. Desperate arise because there is no willingness in the liver and less convinced of God's grace. An optimistic attitude is a form of belief in God's mercy and His grace and that God's promise is true.

    People who have an optimistic attitude is the person who has the devotion and uphold all that is required by his faith. He hoped that God does not make her turn, receive charity, and not reject it, and multiply his reward.

    God has said: "If God sent something kemudharatan to you, then nothing can eliminate it, except him, and if God wants good for you, then nobody can deny the gift of Him" (Sura Yunus [10]: 107)

    Conversely pessimistic person often feels uncertain when dealing with problems of life. Undecided attitude will take on the attitude of no confidence, it's easy to blame others, sometimes even not infrequently reduced the level of faith in God.

    How to beat the indecisive attitude? Restore everything to God. Is not his word, after difficulty there will always be easy?
    Source URL: http://pokbongkoh.blogspot.com/2010/12/
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Friday, December 24, 2010

Sperm May Hold Cure for Diabetes



    PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA—Men with type 1 diabetes may one day be able to use the stem cells that become sperm to replace their insulin-producing pancreatic cells. Such transplants would eliminate the need for frequent daily insulin injections to control blood sugar.

    Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing islet cells in the pancreas. Without insulin to help cells absorb blood glucose, a person can't use energy from food. Untreated type 1 diabetes is always fatal, but regular insulin injections and blood-sugar monitoring can allow patients to have fairly normal lives.

    Occasionally, insulin injections aren't enough to keep type 1 diabetes in check, however. So in the late 1990s, researchers at the University of Alberta in Canada began transplanting islet cells from cadavers into diabetics. This isn't an ideal solution, though, as recipients have to remain on immune-suppressing medication for the rest of their lives to prevent transplant rejection and usually still require some insulin injections.

    Stem cell biologist G. Ian Gallicano of Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., and colleagues believe they have found a method that would give diabetics the advantages of islet cell transplantation without the need for immunosuppressant drugs. Millions of sperm cells are created each day from stem cells in the testes known as spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). The researchers harvested SSCs from human testicular tissue and engineered them to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capability to specialize into any type of cell, a process that took 2 weeks. Then, the researchers prodded these stem cells to develop into islet cells.

    As they reported here yesterday at the annual meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, Gallicano and colleagues transplanted the engineered human islet cells into diabetic mice that don't have an immune system and so can't attack the inserted cells. The transplants lowered the mice's high blood glucose levels, a good sign that the cells would do the same thing in humans.

    Gallicano cautions, however, that the technique isn't ready for people just yet. "We don't get enough insulin from each cell to cure diabetes in humans."

    That's a concern echoed by Sheng Ding, a biochemist at The Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, who wasn't involved in the research. Before the technique is ready for the clinic, he says, researchers will need to increase insulin production in the transplanted cells. Still, Ding says, "This represents one direction to pursue for ultimately curing type 1 diabetes."

    This isn't the first attempt to treat or cure diabetes with stem cells. Researchers had previously used cells from skin or other tissues to create a slightly different type of stem cell, known as an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell, which could then go on to replace the damaged islet cells. Using iPS cells does have some advantages, Gallicano says. They don't require an invasive procedure to obtain, and they work for both sexes. However, researchers need to add four genes to morph cells into iPS cells. The genes don't always insert in the right place, which could cause cancer or cell death, he says.

    The human SSCs, though, found in men only, are already stem cells and don't need those four genes turned on. "We don't have to do anything to make them pluripotent except take them out of their niche" in the testes, Gallicano says.

    The researchers hope that they can find a method that would benefit female diabetics as well. Gallicano says he sees no reason why egg precursor stem cells can't also be used. One major difference is that the egg stem cells have only one copy of every gene, whereas the SSCs have two copies, like other cells in the body, which makes it easier to apply the technique to SSCs.

    There's one more hurdle, says Gallicano, which is finding out whether the immune system, which has already created antibodies against the body's islet cells, will attack the transplanted cells as well.
    Source URL: http://pokbongkoh.blogspot.com/2010/12/
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Finger Points to New Type of Human



    By sequencing the nuclear genome of an ancient finger bone, researchers have confirmed the discovery of a new type of human that lived in the Altai Mountains in southern Siberia more than 30,000 years ago. This long-lost group of people, which researchers are calling "Denisovans" after the Denisova cave in which the bone was found, lived at roughly the same time modern humans and Neandertals were in the region, and it appears to be more closely related to Neandertals than us. Although these Denisovans went extinct, they were widespread enough in Asia to interbreed with modern humans before they disappeared, leaving behind a ghostly legacy in the genomes of Melanesians.

    After archaeologists discovered the bone in 2008, scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, isolated remarkably well-preserved DNA—comparable to DNA frozen in permafrost. In a study reported earlier this year in Nature, the team sequenced the finger's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which suggested that the digit did not belong to a Neandertal or a modern human. The mtDNA, which is passed down only from the mother and represents a small fraction of the total genome, didn't provide enough data to draw firm conclusions about the identity of the finger's owner, however.

    In the new study, the Max Planck team sequenced 70% of the nuclear genome, which comes from DNA on 23 pairs of chromosomes. The researchers then compared this sequence with the genomes of Neandertals and modern humans and confirmed that the girl was neither human nor Neandertal. Her DNA was more like that of Neandertals than that of modern humans, suggesting that Neandertals and Denisovans are sister groups that shared a common ancestor after they split from the ancestors of modern humans, says evolutionary geneticist and lead author Svante Pääbo. But they were not Neandertals, because their DNA diverged from that of Neandertals about 640,000 years ago and because the large molar was too primitive to belong to a Neandertal, according to team member David Reich, a population geneticist at Harvard Medical School in Boston.

    The researchers also compared different parts of the Denisovan genome with the same segments of DNA in 53 populations of present-day humans. The data revealed that the Denisovans shared certain mutations with Melanesians from Papua New Guinea and Bougainville Island, mutations that are not found in Neandertals or other modern populations. Melanesians appear to have inherited between 4% and 6% of their DNA from these extinct Denisovans, the team reports online today in Nature.

    The best scenario to fit this data is that after Neandertals and Denisovans split, the Neandertals interbred with modern humans just after they left Africa but before they spread into Europe and Asia in the past 80,000 years. Later, Denisovans living in eastern Asia encountered a group of modern humans heading east from Africa toward Melanesia and interbred with them. As a result, Melanesians now carry DNA from both encounters with Neandertals and Denisovans, which means that as much as 8% of their DNA comes from archaic populations, says Reich. The team is already trying to identify the function of those mutations.

    Paleoanthropologists are also taking a new look at old fossils in Asia, trying to figure out which ones might be the Denisovans—if any. Along with the discovery in 2004 of the diminutive Homo floresiensis—a.k.a. the hobbit—that lived on the island of Flores as recently as 13,000 years ago, there are now at least three other types of humans who were alive at the same time as modern humans were taking over the world. Clearly, this means “the story [of the origins of modern humans] has undoubtedly got a lot more complicated,” says paleoanthropologist Chris Stringer of the Natural History Museum, London.
    Source URL: http://pokbongkoh.blogspot.com/2010/12/
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A Turn-On for Catalysts



    Catalysts are prized for their ability to speed chemical reactions by grabbing molecular building blocks and knitting them together. But most catalysts are either on or off—and there hasn't been much scientists could do to flip the switch. Now, however, researchers have created a sandwich-shaped scaffold for turning on and off nearly any catalyst at will. If developed further, the new design could allow researchers to detect minute amounts of a wide range of small molecules—from explosives such as TNT to neurotransmitters that carry messages in the nervous system.

    Unlike industrial catalysts, many enzymes—biological catalysts made from proteins—rely on small molecules to turn them on and off. In a process known as allosteric regulation, the binding of a particular small molecule changes the shape of the protein's catalytic site, allowing it to function. A related process can also disrupt a catalyst, turning the enzyme off.

    In recent years, several groups have tried to mimic this switching to control synthetic catalysts used in a variety of industrial processes, such as creating plastics and other polymers. Five years ago, Chad Mirkin, a chemist at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, and colleagues created a system that could activate a catalyst that has two metal atoms at its core. Although the scheme worked, only a few catalysts operate with two metal atoms. Moreover, the scaffold can't be easily adapted to work with the much larger number of catalysts that harbor just a single metal atom in their core. So Mirkin and his colleagues wanted to determine whether they could design a new system to work with single-metal catalysts.

    They report doing so in today's issue of Science. To make the system work, Mirkin's team designed the catalyst to be like a three-layer sandwich. The "meat" at the center is an aluminum-containing catalyst designed to break open ring shaped compounds and stitch them together into a polymer known as polycaprolactone. When the catalyst is off, two flat organic compounds hide the meat like pieces of bread, preventing the catalyst from interacting with other molecules. But when the researchers add chloride ions, the ions bind at the edges of the outside bread layers, kicking out key nitrogen atoms. The outside layers swing open, allowing the catalyst to do its work. Removing the chloride ions snaps the outside layers shut, and the catalyst is turned off.

    Wenbin Lin, a chemist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, says he's impressed with the work. "It's a very general approach that can be applicable to many different things," Lin says. That could make it useful for detecting a wide variety of small molecules, such as environmental contaminants or compounds present in particular diseases. By triggering the catalyst's production of large amounts of a substance, the method makes it easy to spot when the chosen small molecules are present. The new technique could also prove important industrially to control the work of multiple catalysts that are often used in tandem to build polymers and other complex structures. In cases such as these, researchers would be able to turn catalysts on and off at specific times, ensuring that the production process proceeds in the correct order.
    Source URL: http://pokbongkoh.blogspot.com/2010/12/
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Alleviate an Orbital Traffic Jam



    There's gridlock in orbit. More than 400 telecommunications satellites, plus an indeterminate number of retired, failed, and secret spacecraft, occupy a narrow band of space some 35,000 kilometers above Earth's equator. Now, researchers have found a way to alleviate the congestion: attaching solar sails to satellites that would propel them 10 to 30 kilometers north or south of the standard orbit. Space experts say that such sails could also open up other orbital positions that were previously considered unattainable.

    Telecommunications satellites must remain in the same position above Earth at all times—in a so-called geosynchronous orbit—so that satellite dishes don't have to constantly swivel to track them. Thanks to the laws of gravity and orbital mechanics, the only way for a satellite to maintain a geosynchronous position has been to orbit above the equator.

    But this prime real estate is growing scarce. The satellites could move north or south, but the extra rocket fuel needed to maintain these less-stable orbital positions would be expensive and would limit the life of the craft.

    That's where solar sails come in. A large square of reflectively coated Mylar—say, a hundred meters on a side—could catch enough sunlight to propel a satellite above or below the plane of the equator and maintain enough thrust to hold it in geostationary position.

    To see if the idea would work, aerospace engineer Colin McInnes and one of his graduate students, Shahid Baig, at the University of Strathclyde in the United Kingdom started with calculations developed by Robert Forward, a physicist and NASA consultant. Forward, who died in 2002, posited that the photons of sunlight streaming across the solar system contained sufficient energy to push a solar-sail–arrayed satellite out of geostationary orbit and maintain its new position without the need for heavy, liquid-fueled thrusters. The Japanese IKAROS spacecraft, which was launched last month, is testing the basic solar-sail concept.

    Other scientists questioned Forward's calculations, because, they argued, his figures weren't precise enough. But using superaccurate computer models, McInnes and Baig have determined that Forward was indeed correct. The new calculations, published in the May/June Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, showed that sunlight hitting a solar sail would be sufficient to push the satellite into a geostationary orbit. And due to its continuous pressure, the sunlight could also hold the spacecraft in that orbit indefinitely without the need for thrusters.

    Although the research provides only a theoretical proof of concept, experts see a bright future for solar-sail satellites. For example, says aerospace engineer Ben Diedrich of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Silver Spring, Maryland, researchers could park satellites over Earth's poles to provide continuous climate monitoring at these latitudes. Or the sails could push solar-research spacecraft into more advantageous orbits to study the sun. Solar-sail–assisted orbits, he says, are "one more viable option for future mission planners to consider."
    Source URL: http://pokbongkoh.blogspot.com/2010/12/
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